Plague in Madagascar

03 Oct 2018

According to media reports Madagascar has reported 22 cases (including 5 deaths) of plague in 10 districts from August 1 to September 24, 2018. The affected districts are Ambalavo, Ambatofinandrahana, Ambatolampy, Ambositra, Ankazobe, Antananarivo, Antsirabe, Arivonimamo, Fandriana and Miarinarivo. Plague is not unusual in Madagascar and cases occur seasonally every year, usually from September to April.

Advice for Travellers

Plague is rare in international travellers.

Travellers visiting areas where plague occurs, or where there is an outbreak should be aware of the risk of infection.
The risk may be highest in those who are camping, staying in very basic rural accommodation, hunting or who may have close contact with wildlife, particularly rats or other rodents.
Contact with infected people during an outbreak is also a significant risk.
Three types of plague occur, all caused by the same bacterium, Yersinia pestis.

Bubonic plague spreads from animals to humans by flea bites or other skin penetration, so travellers should practice good insect bite avoidance. Close contact with sick or dead animals should be avoided.
People become infected with pneumonic plague by breathing in plague bacteria in droplets coughed into the air by a person (or animal) already infected. Pneumonic plague is the most contagious form of the disease.
Septicaemic plague can develop from the other forms of the disease when plague bacteria multiply in the blood and spread throughout the body.

No vaccine is available for plague. The most effective form of prevention is to avoid exposure to infected people or animals. If there is a possibility that a traveller has been exposed to plague, it is important to seek prompt medical attention as soon as possible. Progression of the disease may be prevented with appropriate antibiotic treatment.

Anyone experiencing rapidly progressing fever, chills, headache, weakness, respiratory symptoms, chest pain or swollen lymph nodes should seek prompt medical attention.